JHER requires that all manuscripts submitted to the journal be original and properly referenced. Authors must ensure that borrowed ideas, language, data, tables, figures, and other materials are appropriately cited and acknowledged.

Meaning of Plagiarism
For the purpose of this policy, plagiarism includes the unattributed use of another person’s words, ideas, data, structure, images, or other intellectual output. It may also include close paraphrasing without attribution, mosaic plagiarism, and the reuse of substantial portions of one’s own previously published work without proper disclosure where such reuse is misleading.

Similarity Checking
The journal may screen submissions using similarity detection tools or manual editorial assessment before or during peer review. Similarity reports are interpreted by the editorial office in context; a numerical similarity score alone does not determine editorial outcome.

Assessment Factors

In considering possible plagiarism, the journal may examine:

• the amount and significance of copied or inadequately attributed material;
• whether the overlap occurs in methods, quotations, standard phrases, literature review, results, or discussion;
• whether reuse is properly cited and justified; and
• whether the overlap may amount to duplicate or redundant publication.

Editorial Response
Where minor citation or attribution deficiencies are identified, authors may be asked to revise the manuscript. Where plagiarism is substantial or deceptive, the manuscript may be rejected, and in serious cases the journal may notify the relevant institution or take additional action consistent with its ethics procedures.

Post-Publication Discovery
If plagiarism is discovered after publication, the journal may issue a correction, expression of concern, or retraction, depending on the seriousness of the case.